Item gefilterd op datum: december 2012

Specific difficult group goals yield higher group performance than
• Non-specific goals
• Specific easy group goals

“This is a story about four people named Everybody, Somebody, Anybody, and Nobody. There was an important job to be done and Everybody was sure that Somebody would do it. Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did it. Somebody got angry about that, because it was Everybody's job. Everybody thought Anybody could do it, but Nobody realized that Everybody wouldn't do it. It ended up that Everybody blamed Somebody when Nobody did what Anyone could have. “

• Individuals’ group goals - Wat is jouw bijdrage aan het team?
• Individuals’ individual goals – Je eigen doelen.
• Group’s goals for individuals - ?
• Group’s goal for group – Wie voelt zich verantwoordelijk voor wat?

• They activate, and thus influence the degree of effort exerted
• They give direction to the action
• They stimulate to persist over time
• They stimulate the development of strategies

T1 – Goal to keep up with schoolwork
o Level of identification with this goal
o Writing exercise – om de mate van identificatie te manipuleren.

T2 – Writing exercise
T3 – Writing exercise
T4 – Measurements of

o Level of identification with the goal
o Expected grade

Resultaten

No main effects of level of writing and skill level

Interaction effect skill level x level of writing

Mensen die een doel of taak ingewikkeld vinden, moet je niet lasting vallen met het hogere doel, maar vooral begeleiden met een concreet stappenplan om het doel te realiseren.

Mensen die voldoende vaardigheden hebben (dus minder ingewikkeld doel) moet je vragen waarom het doel belangrijk is voor diegene en wat het doel behalen voor diegene zou betekenen.

Dit geld met name op het moment dat mensen een vervelende taak doen!

Conclusie

Individuals’ motivation can be improved by matching their goal focus to their initial skill level: low-skill individuals may be better off ‘‘keeping their nose to the grindstone’’ and high-skill individuals may be better off ‘‘keeping their eye on the prize”.

Students were asked:
o To think of a health goal they pursued
o Their skill level related to that goal
o The level of internalization of that goal

Manipulatie: Writing exercise (randomly assigned)
o High level condition: reflected on the meaningfulness and importance of pursuing ththeir health goal
o Low level condition: wrote about the specific activities related to their health goal

Resultaten
• No main effects of level of writing and skill level
• Interaction effect skill level x level of writing

p = niet significant voor streeplijn = lage mate van internalisatie. p < .001 voor stippellijn = hoge mate van internalisatie.

Deze studie was een hele korte oefening. In de tweede studie werd tijd meegenomen, dus effecten op lange termijn.

• High skilled individuals’ goal internalization may benefit from self-reflections regarding the meaning and value of the goal (the “why”)
• Low skilled individuals’ goal internalization may benefit from focusing on the “how” of the goal, by making plans how to pursue the goal

• For highly skilled individuals, the problem is not “how” to pursue the goal but wanting to pursue the goal and to reduce inner conflict about pursuing the goal

De taak moet betekenisvol zijn.

• Focusing on the “why” may be a source of inspiraiton that re-energizes individuals to pursue their goals

Je tanden poetsen iedere ochtend om het kunstgebit zo lang mogelijk uit te stellen.

Autonomous motivation towards difficult or uninteresting goals is enhanced to the extent that their abilities to pursue the goal appropriately match their level of identification with the goal

Autonome motivatie wordt versterkt wanneer vaardigheden van mensen matchen met het doel.

o For difficult tasks, lower level identification will result in better performance Het opknippen in kleine door te lopen stappen zorgt voor het uiteindelijk ergens komen.

o For easy tasks, higher level identification is more optimal for performance

Rennen op een loopband – Mensen die dat volhouden, houden gedurende het uur dat ze het doen fitter worden, verder kunnen lopen, aantrekkelijker worden etc. beelden die je erbij haalt, waardoor je de verschikkelijk saaie taak toch volhoud. Mensen die dat niet kunnen, lopen geen uur!